Making Choices

Overview

Teaching: 30 min
Exercises: 0 min

Questions

• How can programs do different things for different data values?

Objectives

• Construct a conditional statement using if, elseif, and else

• Test for equality within a conditional statement

• Combine conditional tests using AND and OR

• Build a nested loop

Our previous lessons have shown us how to manipulate data and repeat things. However, the programs we have written so far always do the same things, regardless of what data they’re given. We want programs to make choices based on the values they are manipulating.

The tool that MATLAB gives us for doing this is called a conditional statement, and it looks like this:

num = 37;

if num > 100
    disp('greater')
else
    disp('not greater')
end

disp('done')

not greater
done

The second line of this code uses the keyword if to tell MATLAB that we want to make a choice. If the test that follows is true, the body of the if (i.e., the lines between if and else) are executed. If the test is false, the body of the else (i.e., the lines between else and end) are executed instead. Only one or the other is ever executed.

Conditional statements don’t have to have an else block. If there isn’t one, MATLAB simply doesn’t do anything if the test is false:

num = 53;
disp('before conditional...')

if num > 100
    disp('53 is greater than 100')
end

disp('...after conditional')

before conditional...
...after conditional

We can also chain several tests together using elseif. This makes it simple to write a script that gives the sign of a number:

%CONDITIONAL_DEMO   Demo script to illustrate use of conditionals

num = 53;

if num > 0
    disp('num is positive')
elseif num == 0
    disp('num is zero')
else
    disp('num is negative')
end

One important thing to notice in the code above is that we use a double equals sign == to test for equality rather than a single equals sign. This is because the latter is used to mean assignment. In our test, we want to check for the equality of num and 0, not assign 0 to num. This convention was inherited from C, and it does take a bit of getting used to…

During a conditional statement, if one of the conditions is true, this marks the end of the test: no subsequent conditions will be tested and execution jumps to the end of the conditional.

Let’s demonstrate this by adding another condition which is true.

% Demo script to illustrate use of conditionals
num = 53;

if num > 0
    disp('num is positive')
elseif num == 0
    disp('num is zero')
elseif num > 50
    % This block will never be executed
    disp('num is greater than 50')
else
    disp('num is negative')
end

We can also combine tests, using && (and) and || (or). && is true if both tests are true:

if ((1 > 0) && (-1 > 0))
    disp('both parts are true')
else
    disp('one part is not true')
end

one part is not true

|| is true if either test is true:

if (1 < 0) || (3 < 4)
    disp('at least one part is true')
end

at least one part is true

In this case, “either” means “either or both”, not “either one or the other but not both”.

True and False Statements

The conditions we have tested above evaluate to a logical value: true or false. However these numerical comparison tests aren’t the only values which are true or false in MATLAB. For example, 1 is considered true and 0 is considered false. In fact, any value can be used in a conditional statement.

Run the code below in order to discover which values are considered true and which are considered false.

if ''
    disp('empty string is true')
end

if 'foo'
    disp('non empty string is true')
end

if []
    disp ('empty array is true')
end

if [22.5, 1.0]
    disp ('non empty array is true')
end

if [0, 0]
    disp ('array of zeros is true')
end

if true
    disp('true is true')
end

Close Enough

Write a script called near that performs a test on two variables, and displays 1 when the first variable is within 10% of the other and 0 otherwise. Compare your implementation with your partner’s: do you get the same answer for all possible pairs of numbers?

Solution

%NEAR   Display 1 if variable a is within 10% of variable b
%       and display 0 otherwise
a = 1.1;
b = 1.2;

if a/b >= 0.9 && a/b <= 1.1
    disp(1)
else
    disp(0)
end

Another thing to realize is that if statements can also be combined with loops. For example, if we want to sum the positive numbers in a list, we can write this:

numbers = [-5, 3, 2, -1, 9, 6];
total = 0;

for n = numbers
    if n >= 0
        total = total + n;
    end
end

disp(['sum of positive values: ', num2str(total)])

sum of positive values: 20

With a little extra effort, we can calculate the positive and negative sums in a loop:

pos_total = 0;
neg_total = 0;

for n = numbers
    if n >= 0
        pos_total = pos_total + n;
    else
        neg_total = neg_total + n;
    end
end

disp(['sum of positive values: ', num2str(pos_total)])
disp(['sum of negative values: ', num2str(neg_total)])

sum of positive values: 26
sum of negative values: -6

We can even put one loop inside another:

for consonant = 'bcd'
    for vowel = 'ae'
        disp (strcat(consonant, vowel))
    end
end

ba
be
ca
ce
da
de

Nesting

Will changing the order of nesting in the above loop change the output? Why? Write down the output you might expect from changing the order of the loops, then rewrite the code to test your hypothesis.

Solution

for vowel = 'ae'
    for consonant = 'bcd'
        disp (strcat(consonant, vowel))
    end
end

Reordering the nested loops changes the output. In the new code, the consonants loop happens within the vowel loop, so while vowel = a, consonant takes the values b, c, and d in turn.

Currently, our script analyze.m reads in data, analyzes it, and saves plots of the results. Let’s work on the script rather than the function to make this simpler. If we would rather display the plots interactively, we would have to remove (or comment out) the following code:

print('-dpng', img_name)
close()

And, we’d also have to change this line of code, from:

figure('visible', 'off')

to:

figure('visible', 'on')
% or equivalently: figure()

This is not a lot of code to change every time, but it’s still work that’s easily avoided using conditionals. Here’s our script re-written to use conditionals to switch between saving plots as images and plotting them interactively:

%ANALYZE   Print statistics for three patients.
%          Save plots of statistics to disk.
%          Use variable plot_switch to control interactive plotting
%          vs saving images to disk.
%            plot_switch = 0: show plots interactively
%            plot_switch = 1: save plots to disk

plot_switch = 0;

files = dir('data/inflammation-*.csv');

% Process first three files only
for idx = 1:3
    file_name = files(idx).name;

    % Generate strings for image names:
    img_name = replace(file_name, '.csv', '.png');

    % Generate path to data file and image file
    file_name = fullfile('data', filename);
    img_name  = fullfile('results', img_name);

    patient_data = csvread(file_name);

    % Create figures
    if plot_switch == 1
        figure('visible', 'off')
    else
        figure('visible', 'on')
    end
    
    plot(mean(patient_data, 1))
    title('Daily average inflammation')
    xlabel('Day of trial')
    ylabel('Inflammation')

    if plot_switch == 1
        print('-dpng', img_name)
        close()
    end

end

If this makes sense, let’s change the function ANALYZE_DATASET so that instead of one parameter it will have two parameters: file_name and plot_switch. When called, the function should create the three graphs produced in the previous lesson. Whether they are displayed or saved to the results directory should be controlled by the value of plot_switch i.e. analyze_dataset('data/inflammation-01.csv', 0) should display the corresponding graphs for the first data set; analyze_dataset('data/inflammation-02.csv', 1) should save the figures for the second dataset to the results directory.

  function analyze_dataset(file_name, plot_switch)
      %ANALYZE_DATASET    Perform analysis for named data file.
      %   Create figures to show average, max and min inflammation.
      %   Display plots in GUI using plot_switch = 0,
      %   or save to disk using plot_switch = 1.
      %
      %   Example:
      %       analyze_dataset('data/inflammation-01.csv', 0)
      
      % Generate string for image name:
      img_name = replace(file_name, '.csv', '.png');
      img_name = replace(img_name, 'data', 'results');
 
      patient_data = csvread(file_name);
      
      if plot_switch == 1
      	figure('visible', 'off')
      else
      	figure('visible', 'on')
      end
      
     
      plot(mean(patient_data, 1))
      ylabel('average')
      title('Daily average inflammation')
      xlabel('Day of trial')
      ylabel('Inflammation')
    
      if plot_switch == 1
          print('-dpng', img_name)
          close()
      end
   end

Key Points

• Use if and else to make choices based on values in your program.